Rise Time
Tᵣ ≈ 1.8 / ωₙ
Time for system response to rise from 10% to 90% of final value.
Settling Time
Tₛ ≈ 4 / (ζ × ωₙ)
Time for response to remain within ±2% of the final value.
Peak Overshoot
Mₚ = e^(−πζ / √(1−ζ²)) × 100%
Percentage by which the response exceeds its final value.
Damped Natural Frequency
ωᵈ = ωₙ × √(1 − ζ²)
Actual oscillation frequency of a damped second-order system.